Introduction & History

Perched 3,400 metres above sea level in the Andes, Cusco stands as both the historic heart of the Inca Empire and a thriving modern city. Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the “Archaeological Capital of the Americas” was laid out in the shape of a puma under Inca ruler Pachacuti and later reshaped by Spanish conquistadors. Narrow cobbled streets weave between Incan walls and colonial mansions, culminating at the ornate Plaza de Armas where Spanish churches stand upon Inca foundations. Cusco’s tapestry of history is more than ruins – it’s a living blend of Quechua traditions, Catholic festivals and travellers from around the globe drawn to the region’s mystique.

Cusco’s significance stems from its role as the capital of Tawantinsuyu (the Inca realm) and its integration into the Spanish colony in the 16th century. Evidence of this dual heritage abounds: the Qorikancha temple, once plated in gold to honour the sun god Inti, now forms the base of the Dominican convent of Santo Domingo. The towering fortifications of Sacsayhuamán overlook the city as reminders of Inca engineering genius. In colonial times the city served as a key hub on the route between Lima and silver mines in Potosí. Today Cusco remains the gateway to Machu Picchu and the Sacred Valley, balancing its heritage with tourist infrastructure like boutique hotels, cafés and museums.

Top Attractions & Activities

  • Historic Monuments: Wander the Plaza de Armas and its twin cathedrals, then explore Inca temples like Qorikancha and the hillside fortress of Sacsayhuamán. The Inca walls of Hatunrumiyoc Street feature the famous 12‑angled stone.
  • Neighbourhoods: Visit bohemian San Blas with its artisans’ workshops and steep alleys leading to panoramic viewpoints. The San Pedro Market is a sensory overload of fruit stalls, textiles and Andean street food.
  • Museums: The Inka Museum, Casa Concha and the Museum of Pre‑Columbian Art offer insights into Andean civilizations. The Planetarium of Cusco reveals the astronomical knowledge of the Incas.
  • Day Trips: The Sacred Valley unfolds to the north with terraces, ruins and villages such as Pisac, Ollantaytambo and Moray. Most travellers also embark on the Inca Trail, Salkantay or Lares trek to reach Machu Picchu.

Beyond these, Cusco hosts vibrant festivals like Inti Raymi (June) and Qoyllur Rit’i (June), where dancers in colourful costumes honour ancestral deities. Adventurers can mountain bike, raft or paraglide in the surrounding valleys, while more serene experiences include weaving workshops and Peruvian cooking classes.

Altitude & Acclimatisation

At over 11,000 feet (3,400 m), Cusco’s thin air can cause altitude sickness. Arrive a couple of days before any strenuous trek to acclimatise, stay hydrated, and avoid heavy meals and alcohol initially. Many hotels offer coca tea to ease symptoms, and prescription medication can help if you’re prone to altitude issues.

Culture & Cuisine

Cusco is a cultural melting pot where Quechua language and ancient rituals survive alongside Catholic traditions. Colourful markets teem with hand‑woven textiles, silver jewellery and ceramics. The Centro de Textiles Tradicionales educates visitors about weaving techniques and supports local artisans. Performances of Andean music and dance fill the streets during festivals, and the sounds of pan flutes drift from plazas year‑round.

Culinary delights include cuy chactado (fried guinea pig), alpaca steaks, hearty quinoa soups and contemporary fusion dishes. Local markets like San Pedro serve fresh juices and cheap lunches, while upscale eateries in San Blas and the historic centre reinterpret Andean ingredients with global flair. Don’t miss a pisco sour or chicha morada (purple corn drink) to toast your travels.

Practical Information & Travel Tips

Cusco is accessible via Alejandro Velasco Astete Airport with flights from Lima and other Peruvian cities. The historic centre is walkable, but altitude and cobblestones can make climbing stairs tiring; taxis and collectivos (shared vans) are inexpensive for longer distances. The rainy season runs December to March with downpours and muddy trails; the dry season from May to September brings sunshine and cooler nights. Shoulder months like April and October offer mild weather and fewer crowds.

When planning hikes to Machu Picchu, book permits well in advance as daily quotas apply to the Inca Trail. Alternative treks (Salkantay, Lares, Ausangate) do not require permits but demand good fitness. Pack layered clothing, rain gear and sun protection. At night, Cusco’s high altitude means chilly temperatures; hotels usually provide extra blankets and hot water bottles.

Safety & Respect

Cusco is safe for travellers, but petty theft can occur in crowded markets and bus terminals. Leave passports and valuables in hotel safes, be mindful of your surroundings and seek licensed tour operators for treks. Respect local customs by asking permission before photographing indigenous people and supporting fair‑trade cooperatives when buying souvenirs.