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Before the rise of the Inca Empire, ancient Peru was home to a variety of vibrant cultures and civilizations that laid the groundwork for what would become one of the most powerful empires in history. Among these early cultures, the Chavin (around 900-200 BC) are considered one of the first significant civilizations in Peru. They are known for their impressive architectural and artistic achievements, particularly the Chavin de Huantar, a ceremonial center that showcases intricate stone carvings and a unique religious iconography.

Following the Chavin, the Moche civilization flourished along the northern coast from around 100 to 800 AD. The Moche are famed for their advanced irrigation systems and elaborate pottery, which often depicted their gods and daily life. Visitors to Peru can explore the Moche archaeological sites, such as Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la Luna, to gain insight into their sophisticated society.

Next came the Nazca culture (100 BC to 800 AD), renowned for their enigmatic geoglyphs etched into the desert floor, known as the Nazca Lines. These lines, visible from the air, have sparked much intrigue regarding their purpose, with theories ranging from astronomical calendars to ritualistic pathways.

Travelers interested in ancient Peru should not miss the Paracas culture, known for its exquisite textiles and the famous Paracas Candelabra, a giant geoglyph carved into a hillside. Museums in Lima, such as the National Museum of Anthropology, Archaeology, and History, house significant artifacts from these early cultures, providing a deeper understanding of their way of life.

While exploring these ancient sites, it is advisable to hire a knowledgeable local guide who can offer rich insights into the history and significance of each location. Additionally, be sure to respect the cultural heritage of these sites by following local guidelines and regulations.

As you plan your trip to Machu Picchu, remember that this iconic site is not just a representation of the Inca but also a culmination of the rich tapestry of ancient Peruvian history that came before it. Incorporating visits to the ancient ruins of Peru into your itinerary will enhance your appreciation of the majestic landscapes and the cultural heritage of the region.